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• FileVault 2 is a built-in encryption feature first introduced in OS X Lion. Unlike Microsoft's EFS, which encrypts via the file system, FileVault 2 turns your hard drive into an encrypted volume.

FileVault is a disk encryption program in Mac OS X 10.3 (2003) and later. It performs on-the-fly encryption with volumes on Mac computers.

Versions and key features[edit]

FileVault was introduced with Mac OS X Panther (10.3),^[1] and could only be applied to a user's home directory, not the startup volume. The operating system uses an encrypted sparse disk image (a large single file) to present a volume for the home directory. Mac OS X Leopard and Mac OS X Snow Leopard use more modern sparse bundle disk images^[2] which spread the data over 8 MB files (called bands) within a bundle. Apple refers to this original iteration of FileVault as legacy FileVault.^[3]

Mac OS X Lion (2011) and newer offer FileVault 2,^[3] which is a significant redesign. This encrypts the entire OS X startup volume and typically includes the home directory, abandoning the disk image approach. For this approach to disk encryption, authorised users' information is loaded from a separate non-encrypted boot volume^[4] (partition/slice type Apple_Boot).

FileVault[edit]

The original version of FileVault was added in Mac OS X Panther to encrypt a user's home directory.

Master passwords and recovery keys[edit]

When FileVault is enabled the system invites the user to create a master password for the computer. If a user password is forgotten, the master password or recovery key may be used to decrypt the files instead.

Migration[edit]

Migration of FileVault home directories is subject to two limitations:^[5]

• there must be no prior migration to the target computer
• the target must have no existing user accounts.

If Migration Assistant has already been used or if there are user accounts on the target:

• before migration, FileVault must be disabled at the source.

If transferring FileVault data from a previous Mac that uses 10.4 using the built-in utility to move data to a new machine, the data continues to be stored in the old sparse image format, and the user must turn FileVault off and then on again to re-encrypt in the new sparse bundle format.

Manual encryption[edit]

Instead of using FileVault to encrypt a user's home directory, using Disk Utility a user can create an encrypted disk image themselves and store any subset of their home directory in there (for example, ~/Documents/private). This encrypted image behaves similar to a Filevault encrypted home directory, but is under the user's maintenance.

Encrypting only a part of a user's home directory might be problematic when applications need access to the encrypted files, which will not be available until the user mounts the encrypted image. This can be mitigated to a certain extent by making symbolic links for these specific files.

Limitations and issues[edit]

Backups[edit]

These limitations apply to versions of Mac OS X prior to v10.7 only.

Without Mac OS X Server, Time Machine will back up a FileVault home directory only while the user is logged out. In such cases, Time Machine is limited to backing up the home directory in its entirety. Using Mac OS X Server as a Time Machine destination, backups of FileVault home directories occur while users are logged in.

Because FileVault restricts the ways in which other users' processes can access the user's content, some third party backup solutions can back up the contents of a user's FileVault home directory only if other parts of the computer (including other users' home directories) are excluded.^[6][7]

Issues[edit]

Several shortcomings were identified in Legacy FileVault. Its security can be broken by cracking either 1024-bit RSA or 3DES-EDE.

Legacy FileVault used the CBC mode of operation (see disk encryption theory); FileVault 2 uses stronger XTS-AESW mode. Another issue is storage of keys in the macOS 'safe sleep' mode.^[8] A study published in 2008 found data remanence in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), with data retention of seconds to minutes at room temperature and much longer times when memory chips were cooled to low temperature. The study authors were able to use a cold boot attack to recover cryptographic keys for several popular disk encryption systems, including FileVault, by taking advantage of redundancy in the way keys are stored after they have been expanded for efficient use, such as in key scheduling. The authors recommend that computers be powered down, rather than be left in a 'sleep' state, when not in physical control by the owner.^[9]

Early versions of FileVault automatically stored the user's passphrase in the system keychain, requiring the user to notice and manually disable this security hole.

In 2006, following a talk at the 23rd Chaos Communication Congress titled Unlocking FileVault: An Analysis of Apple's Encrypted Disk Storage System, Jacob Appelbaum & Ralf-Philipp Weinmann released VileFault which decrypts encrypted Mac OS X disk image files.^[10]

A free space wipe using Disk Utility left a large portion of previously deleted file remnants intact. Similarly, FileVault compact operations only wiped small parts of previously deleted data.^[11]

FileVault 2[edit]

Security[edit]

FileVault uses the user's login password as the encryption pass phrase. It uses the AES-XTS mode of AES with 128 bit blocks and a 256 bit key to encrypt the disk, as recommended by NIST.^[12][13] Only unlock-enabled users can start or unlock the drive. Once unlocked, other users may also use the computer until it is shut down.^[3]

Performance[edit]

The I/O performance penalty for using FileVault 2 was found to be in the order of around 3% when using CPUs with the AES instruction set, such as the Intel Core i and MacOS 10.10.3.^[14] Performance deterioration will be larger for CPUs without this instruction set, such as older Core CPUs.

Master passwords and recovery keys[edit]

When FileVault 2 is enabled while the system is running, the system creates and displays a recovery key for the computer, and optionally offers the user to store the key with Apple. The 120 bit recovery key is encoded with all letters and numbers 1 through 9, and read from /dev/random, and therefore relies on the security of the PRNG used in macOS. During a cryptanalysis in 2012, this mechanism was found safe.^[15]

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Changing the recovery key is not possible without re-encrypting the File Vault volume.^[3]

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Validation[edit]

Users who use FileVault 2 in OS X 10.9 and above can validate their key correctly works after encryption by running sudo fdesetup validaterecovery in Terminal after encryption has finished. The key must be in form xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx and will return true if correct.^[16]

Starting the OS with FileVault 2 without a user account[edit]

If a volume to be used for startup is erased and encrypted before clean installation of OS X 10.7.4 or 10.8:

• there is a password for the volume
• the clean system will immediately behave as if FileVault was enabled after installation
• there is no recovery key, no option to store the key with Apple (but the system will behave as if a key was created)
• when the computer is started, Disk Password will appear at the EfiLoginUI – this may be used to unlock the volume and start the system
• the running system will present the traditional login window.

Apple describes this type of approach as Disk Password—based DEK.^[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Apple Previews Mac OS X 'Panther''. Apple Press Info. Apple. June 23, 2003. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
2. ^ScottW (November 5, 2007). 'Live FileVault and Sparse Bundle Backups in Leopard'. macosx.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
3. ^ ^abcdApple Inc (August 9, 2012). 'OS X: About FileVault 2'. Apple Inc. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
4. ^Apple Inc (August 17, 2012). 'Best Practices for Deploying FileVault 2'(PDF). Apple Inc. p. 40. Archived from the original(PDF) on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
5. ^'Archived - Mac OS X 10.3, 10.4: Transferring data with Setup Assistant / Migration Assistant FAQ'. Apple support. Apple. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
6. ^'Using Encrypted Disks'. CrashPlan PROe support. CrashPlan PROe. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
7. ^'Using CrashPlan with FileVault'. CrashPlan support. CrashPlan. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
8. ^Jacob Appelbaum, Ralf-Philipp Weinmann (December 29, 2006). 'Unlocking FileVault: An Analysis of Apple's disk encryption'(PDF). Retrieved March 31, 2007.Cite journal requires journal= (help)
9. ^J. Alex Halderman; et al. (February 2008). 'Lest We Remember: Cold Boot Attacks on Encryption Keys'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on May 14, 2008.Cite journal requires journal= (help)
10. ^'Unlocking FileVault: An analysis of Apple's disk encryption system'(PDF).
11. ^'File Vault's Dirty Little Secrets'.
12. ^ ^abApple, Inc (August 17, 2012). 'Best Practices for Deploying FileVault 2'(PDF). Apple, Inc. p. 28. Archived from the original(PDF) on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
13. ^Dworkin, Morris (January 2010). 'Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The XTS-AES Mode for Confidentiality on Storage Devices'(PDF). NIST Special Publication (800–3E).
14. ^'Tech ARP - How Fast is the 512 GB PCIe X4 SSD in the 2015 MacBook Pro?'.
15. ^Choudary, Omar; Felix Grobert; Joachim Metz (July 2012). 'Infiltrate the Vault: Security Analysis and Decryption of Lion Full Disk Encryption'. Retrieved January 19, 2013.Cite journal requires journal= (help)
16. ^'fdesetup(8) Mac OS X Manual Page'. Apple. August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2014.

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Protection starts at the core.

The technically sophisticated runtime protections in macOS work at the very core of your Mac to keep your system safe from malware. This starts with industry-standard antivirus software built in to block and remove malware. Technologies like XD (execute disable), ASLR (address space layout randomisation), and SIP (system integrity protection) make it difficult for malware to do harm, and they ensure that processes with root permission cannot change critical system files.

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Now apps from both the App Store and the internet can be installed worry-free. App Review makes sure each app in the Store is reviewed before it’s accepted. And Gatekeeper on your Mac ensures that all apps from the internet have already been checked by Apple for known malicious code — before you run them the first time. If there’s ever a problem with an app, Apple can quickly stop new installations and even block the app from launching again.

Stay in control of what data your apps can access.

Apps need your permission to access files in your Documents, Downloads and Desktop folders as well as in iCloud Drive and external volumes. And you’ll be prompted before any app can access the camera or mic, capture keyboard activity, or take a photo or video of your screen.

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FileVault 2 encrypts your data.

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With FileVault 2, your data is safe and secure — even if your Mac falls into the wrong hands. FileVault 2 encrypts the entire drive on your Mac, protecting your data with XTS-AES 128 encryption. And on Mac systems with an Apple T2 Security Chip, FileVault 2 keys are created and protected by the Secure Enclave for even more security.

Designed to protect your privacy.

The most secure browser for your Mac is the one that comes with your Mac. Built-in privacy features in Safari, like Intelligent Tracking Prevention, help keep your browsing your business. Automatic strong passwords make it easy to create and use unique passwords for all the sites you visit. And iCloud Keychain syncs those passwords securely across all your devices, so you don’t have to remember them. You can also easily find and upgrade any weak passwords you’ve previously used (and reused and reused and reused).

Automatic protections from harmful sites.

Safari also helps safeguard you against fraudulent websites and those that harbour malware — before you visit them. If a website seems suspicious, Safari prevents it from loading and notifies you. And when connecting to unencrypted sites, Safari will warn you. So everything you need to browse without worry is right at your fingertips.

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The new Find My app combines Find My iPhone and Find My Friends into a single, easy-to-use app on Mac, iPad and iPhone. Find My can help you locate a missing Mac — even if it’s offline or sleeping — by sending out Bluetooth signals that can be detected by nearby Apple devices in use. These devices then relay the detected location of your Mac to iCloud so you can locate it in the Find My app. It’s all anonymous and encrypted end-to-end so no one — including Apple — knows the identity of any reporting device or the location of your Mac. And it all happens silently using tiny bits of data that piggyback on existing network traffic. So there’s no need to worry about your battery life, your data usage or your privacy being compromised.

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Keep your Mac safe.
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All Mac models with the Apple T2 Security Chip now support Activation Lock — just like your iPhone or iPad. So if your Mac is ever misplaced or lost, the only person who can erase and reactivate it is you.